Pharmacological properties
Pharmacodynamics. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) has analgesic, antipyretic and mild anti-inflammatory effects. the mechanism of its action is to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and affect the center of thermoregulation in the hypothalamus.
Phenylephrine hydrochloride is an α-adrenergic agonist, which, due to its vasoconstrictor action, reduces edema and hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and paranasal sinuses.
Chlorpheniramine maleate is an antihistamine of the alkylamine class, a blocker of H1-histamine receptors. It has an anti-allergic effect, eliminates rhinorrhea, lacrimation and itching in the eyes and nose. The therapeutic effect develops within 1 hour after oral administration and lasts for 24 hours.
The components of the preparation are metabolized independently of each other.
Pharmacokinetics. After oral administration, acetaminophen is absorbed rapidly, mainly in the upper gastrointestinal tract. It is quickly distributed in tissues. The blood protein binding is 10%. Acetaminophen is metabolized in the liver: most of it binds to glucuronic acid, less to sulfuric acid. The half-life of acetaminophen is 2–2.5 hours. It increases in individuals with liver disease.
Acetaminophen is excreted in the urine (85% of a single dose of acetaminophen is excreted within 24 hours). Excretion significantly worsens with impaired renal excretory function, which can lead to the accumulation of acetaminophen and its metabolic products in the body. The half-life of chlorpheniramine maleate is 8 hours. The products of chlorpheniramine metabolism and the unchanged part of the preparation are excreted in the urine.
Phenylephrine hydrochloride is partially excreted in the urine unchanged, the rest is inactivated by MAO in the blood, liver and other tissues. Inactive products are partially excreted by the kidneys, the rest - by the liver in the form of glucuronides.
Indications
Symptomatic treatment of flu, colds and colds to reduce body temperature, eliminate headaches, pain in muscles and joints, swelling of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract.
Application
Adults and children over 12 years of age: 2 tablets as a single dose every 4 hours. The preparation must be taken with water. do not exceed the maximum daily dose of 12 tablets.
The maximum period of application without consulting a doctor is 3 days. Further use is possible only under medical supervision.
Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the components of the preparation, severe liver and kidney dysfunction, congenital deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (as evidenced by hemolytic anemia), Zhilber syndrome (intermittent benign jaundice resulting from glucuronyl transferase deficiency), hematopoiesis disorder, blood diseases, severe leukopathy , anemia, severe cardiac conduction disturbances, decompensated heart failure, severe atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels of the heart, severe coronary artery disease, severe ag, ba, congenital hyperbilirubinemia, Dubin-Johnson syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, angle-closure glaucoma, bladder neck obstruction, pyloric bladder obstruction, gastric ulcer in the acute stage, alcoholism, arrhythmias, prostate adenoma with difficulty urinating, acute pancreatitis, hyperexcitability, sleep disturbance, pheochromocytoma, epilepsy. elderly age. patients at risk of respiratory failure.
Do not use together with MAO inhibitors and within 2 weeks after discontinuation of MAO inhibitors, with tricyclic antidepressants, β-adrenergic receptor blockers.
Side effects
In most cases, the preparation is well tolerated.
In rare cases, the following side effects may occur after prolonged use in amounts exceeding the recommended daily doses:
on the part of the blood and lymphatic system - anemia, sulfhemoglobinemia and methemoglobinemia (cyanosis, shortness of breath, pain in the heart), hemolytic anemia (if the patient has a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency), thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, hematoma or bleeding;
from the gastrointestinal tract - heartburn, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, discomfort and pain in the epigastrium, hypersalivation, loss of appetite, constipation, diarrhea, flatulence;
on the part of the hepatobiliary system - liver dysfunction, increased activity of liver enzymes, usually without the development of jaundice, hepatonecrosis (dose-dependent effect);
from the endocrine system - hypoglycemia up to hypoglycemic coma;
on the part of the immune system - hypersensitivity reactions (including allergic reactions), anaphylactic reactions and anaphylactic shock;
on the part of the nervous system - headache, weakness, dizziness, psychomotor agitation and disorientation, anxiety, fear, sleep disorders (drowsiness, insomnia), dyskinesia, behavior changes, irritability or nervousness, tremor, confusion, depression, tingling sensation and heaviness in the limbs, tinnitus, hallucinations, seizures, coma;
on the part of the kidneys and urinary tract - renal colic and interstitial nephritis, urinary retention and difficulty urinating, aseptic pyuria;
on the part of the organ of vision - visual impairment and accommodation, dry eyes, mydriasis;
on the part of the skin and subcutaneous tissues - itching, rash on the skin and mucous membranes (usually generalized rash, erythema, urticaria), allergic and angioedema, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, local preparation dermatitis, erythema multiforme (including) Stevens-Jones syndrome , toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome), including fatal cases;
on the part of the cardiovascular system - tachycardia, reflex bradycardia, shortness of breath, heart pain, increased blood pressure, arrhythmia, myocardial dystrophy (dose-dependent effect with prolonged use);
from the respiratory system - bronchospasm in patients with hypersensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid and other NSAIDs.
Special instructions
Simultaneous use with other preparations intended for the symptomatic treatment of colds and flu, preparations containing paracetamol should be avoided.
This preparation is not recommended for concomitant use with sedatives, hypnotics, or preparations containing ethanol due to the increased risk of hepatotoxicity.
The medicinal product contains paracetamol, which, due to its hepatotoxicity, cannot be used longer and in higher doses than recommended in the APPLICATION section. Long-term use can lead to severe liver complications such as cirrhosis. Acute or chronic overdose can lead to severe liver damage and, in isolated cases, death.
Long-term use of paracetamol, especially in combination with other analgesics, can lead to irreversible kidney damage and the risk of developing renal failure (analgesic nephropathy).
Long-term use of paracetamol in high doses can lead to liver and kidney damage. A large number of medications used at the same time, alcoholism, alcoholic liver damage, sepsis or diabetes mellitus may increase the risk of hepatotoxicity of paracetamol in therapeutic doses. The danger of overdose arises in patients with non-cirrhotic alcoholic liver disease.
If, on the recommendation of a doctor, the preparation is used for a long period, it is necessary to monitor the functional state of the liver and the composition of peripheral blood.
In patients with severe infections, such as sepsis, accompanied by a decrease in glutathione levels, taking paracetamol may increase the risk of metabolic acidosis (see OVERDOSE).
Before using the preparation, you should consult your doctor:
- a patient using warfarin or similar preparations that have an anticoagulant effect;
- a patient with breathing problems, chronic lung disease, emphysema or chronic bronchitis;
- a patient with liver disease or liver infections such as viral hepatitis;
- a patient with kidney disease, as dose adjustment may be necessary. In the case of severe renal failure (creatinine clearance 10 ml / min), the doctor should assess the risk / benefit ratio before using the preparation. Dose adjustment is necessary, continuous monitoring should be provided;
- with hypertension;
- with daily use of analgesics for mild arthritis.
Use with caution in patients with:
- the presence of chronic malnutrition and dehydration;
- mild to moderate hepatic impairment (9 points on the Child-Pugh scale);
Raynaud's disease;
- diseases of the thyroid gland;
- glaucoma.
You should consult a doctor:
- if the symptoms persist and / or are accompanied by a high body temperature that lasts more than 3 days;
- if the headache becomes persistent.
Cases of severe skin reactions have been reported very rarely. If skin redness, rash, blistering or peeling occurs, stop using paracetamol and seek immediate medical attention.
With the appointment of paracetamol in therapeutic doses, an increase in ALT is possible.
Paracetamol may interfere with laboratory test results for glucose and uric acid levels in the blood.
Do not exceed the indicated dose.
Use during pregnancy and lactation. It is not recommended to use the preparation during pregnancy. Women should stop breastfeeding while taking the preparation.
Fertility There are limited data on the possibility of impaired fertility in women due to the effect on ovulation of preparations that inhibit the synthesis of COX / prostaglandin; the violation is reversible and disappears after discontinuation of treatment. Since paracetamol inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, it can negatively affect fertility, although this is not the case.
Children. Do not use in children under 12 years of age. The maximum dose for children is up to 100 mg / kg / day, or 4000 mg / day.
The ability to influence the reaction rate when driving or working with other mechanisms. Due to the possible development of drowsiness, you should refrain from driving vehicles or working with mechanisms for 4 hours after using the preparation.
Interactions
With simultaneous use with acetaminophen, the following types of interactions can be observed:
the rate of absorption of acetaminophen may increase with simultaneous use with metoclopramide and domperidone, decrease with cholestyramine;
the elimination of antibiotics from the body may slow down;
barbiturates and alcohol can increase the hepato- and nephrotoxicity of acetaminophen, barbiturates reduce the antipyretic effect;
anticonvulsants (phenytoin, barbiturates, carbamazepine), isoniazid, and rifampicin may increase the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen;
tetracycline increases the risk of acetaminophen-induced anemia and methemoglobinemia;
the effect of indirect anticoagulants may increase with an increased risk of bleeding with prolonged regular use of acetaminophen;
may reduce the effectiveness of diuretics;
antacids and food decrease the absorption of acetaminophen.
With the simultaneous use of paracetamol with hepatotoxic agents, the toxic effect of preparations on the liver increases.
The preparation is not recommended to be used simultaneously with sedatives, hypnotics or preparations containing ethanol, due to the increased risk of hepatotoxicity.
It is not recommended to use it simultaneously with vasoconstrictor agents.
The simultaneous use of Antiflu® with the following preparations can significantly increase the inhibitory effect of chlorpheniramine maleate:
- hypnotics;
- barbiturates;
- sedatives;
- antipsychotics;
- tranquilizers;
- anesthetics;
- narcotic analgesics.
Chlorpheniramine enhances the anticholinergic effect of atropine, antispasmodics, tricyclic antidepressants, antiparkinsonian preparations.
Chlorpheniramine may reduce the effect of anticoagulants.
Phenylephrine hydrochloride can cause the development of hypertensive crisis or arrhythmias when used simultaneously with other adrenomimetics or MAO inhibitors, cause severe hypertension when combined with indomethacin and bromocriptine.
The simultaneous use of phenylephrine with other sympathomimetic agents or tricyclic antidepressants (eg amitriptyline) may increase the risk of developing side effects from the cardiovascular system. Rauwolfia alkaloids reduce the therapeutic effect of phenylephrine hydrochloride.
Phenylephrine may reduce the effectiveness of β-adrenergic receptor blockers and other antihypertensive preparations (eg, debrisoquine, guanethidine, reserpine, methyldopa). There may be an increased risk of hypertension and other cardiovascular side effects.
The simultaneous use of phenylephrine with digoxin and cardiac glycosides may increase the risk of heartbeat disorders or heart attack.
Antidepressants, antiparkinsonian and antipsychotic preparations, phenothiazine derivatives increase the risk of urinary retention, dry mouth, and constipation.
Concomitant use with ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, methysergide) increases the risk of ergotism.
Overdose
Symptoms of an overdose due to the action of acetaminophen in the first 24 hours are pallor of the skin, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain. when taking high doses, disorientation, psychomotor agitation or depression of the central nervous system, increased sweating, dizziness and sleep disturbance can also be observed. heart rhythm disturbances and pancreatitis are also noted.
In isolated cases, after an overdose of acetaminophen, acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis was reported, which can manifest itself as severe pain in the lumbar region, hematuria, proteinuria and develop even in the absence of severe liver damage; nephrotoxicity (renal colic, interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis).
In severe cases, especially with the simultaneous use of ethanol, liver damage (hepatocellular necrosis) and deterioration of its function may occur, which can progress to hepatic encephalopathy, hepatic coma, cerebral edema and death. Clinical signs of liver damage may not appear for 12–48 hours after an overdose. Disorders of glucose metabolism, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis (including lactic acidosis) may occur. The symptoms of metabolic acidosis are deep, rapid or labored breathing, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. You should immediately consult a doctor if these symptoms appear. An increase in the activity of liver transaminases and an increase in the prothrombin index, hemorrhage. Liver damage in an adult can develop after ingestion of ≥10 g of paracetamol and 150 mg / kg of body weight in a child. Frequent clinical manifestations that appear after 3-5 days include jaundice, fever, hemorrhagic diathesis, hypoglycemia, hepatic breath odor, liver failure.
The use of ≥5 g of paracetamol can lead to liver damage in patients with risk factors: long-term treatment with carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, rifampicin, St. John's wort or other preparations that induce liver enzymes; regular intake of excess amounts of ethanol; glutathione cachexia (digestive disorders, cystic fibrosis, HIV infection, starvation, cachexia).
With prolonged use in high doses, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia are possible.
Urgent care. The patient should be taken to hospital immediately, even if there are no early symptoms of overdose. Symptoms may be limited to nausea and vomiting, or may not reflect the severity of the overdose or the risk of organ damage. Treatment with activated charcoal should be considered if an excessive dose of paracetamol has been taken within 1 hour. The plasma concentration of paracetamol should be measured 4 hours or later after ingestion (earlier concentrations are unreliable). Gastric lavage should be within 6 hours after a suspected acetaminophen overdose. Cytostatic effects can be reduced by administering oral methionine or intravenous administration of cysteamine or N-acetylcysteine within 8 hours after overdose. The effectiveness of the antidote decreases sharply after this time.
Overdose due to the action of phenylephrine and chlorpheniramine maleate can cause increased sweating, psychomotor agitation or depression of the central nervous system, irritability, anxiety, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, tremor, impaired consciousness, cardiac arrhythmias, tachystolic heart, hyperreflexia, increased blood pressure, convulsions, coma.
In case of an overdose of chlorpheniramine maleate, atropine-like symptoms can be observed: mydriasis, photophobia, dry skin and mucous membranes, fever, intestinal atony. Inhibition of the central nervous system is accompanied by respiratory disorders and disturbances in the work of the cardiovascular system (a decrease in pulse rate, a decrease in blood pressure up to the development of vascular insufficiency).
In case of overdose, symptomatic therapy is necessary, in severe hypertension, the use of α-adrenergic receptor blockers.
Storage conditions
In its original packaging at a temperature not exceeding 25 ° C.