What would cause pain on your left side?

16 may 2023 10:15:42
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What would cause pain on your left side?

The human body is a complex system that comprises various organs and structures that work together to

perform specific functions. Identifying the source of pain is crucial to determine the underlying cause

and initiate appropriate treatment. Pain on the left side can be caused by several factors, including

injury, infection, inflammation, or underlying medical conditions such as heart disease, lung problems,

or gastrointestinal issues. In this essay, we will examine the possible causes of pain on the left side, their

symptoms, and diagnostic procedures used to identify them. Understanding the cause of pain on the left

side can help individuals seek timely medical attention and prevent further complications.

A. Definition of pain in your left side

Pain in the left side of the body can be defined as discomfort or an unpleasant sensation that occurs in

any part to the left of the midline. It can affect different parts of the body, including the chest, abdomen,

back, and flank. The severity of this pain can range from mild to severe, and it may persist or come and

go in episodes. Causes of left-sided pain vary, from musculoskeletal disorders, gastrointestinal problems,

cardiovascular issues, and respiratory conditions. Identifying the underlying cause of the pain is crucial

for effective treatment and management, and seeking prompt medical attention is imperative, especially

if accompanied by other symptoms.

B. Importance of identifying the cause of pain in the left side

Identifying the cause of pain in the left side is essential as it can provide crucial insights into the underlying

medical conditions and enable the proper treatment. Numerous factors could lead to left-sided pain,

ranging from organ-related issues such as kidney stones and inflammation of the colon to musculoskeletal

problems like muscle strains or fractures. As such, a correct diagnosis is paramount to alleviate the

discomfort and prevent further complications. Physicians employ various medical examination techniques

such as imaging procedures, laboratory tests, and physical exams to identify the exact cause of the pain and

suggest an accurate treatment plan. Ignoring left-sided pain could lead to serious illnesses and unmitigated

discomfort, thus necessitating the prompt identification of its underlying cause.

C. Significance of the research topic

The significance of the research topic extends beyond identifying the source of pain on the left side of the

body. The potential causes outlined in this paper may indicate underlying health conditions that require

immediate attention. This information can assist healthcare providers in making accurate diagnoses and

providing effective treatment to their patients. Furthermore, this research can serve as a resource for

individuals experiencing left-sided pain, providing them with valuable insights into the probable causes

of their discomfort. By identifying the potential causes of this unique type of pain, medical professionals

and patients alike can improve overall health outcomes and quality of life.

Another possible cause of pain on the left side of the body is a kidney infection. The kidneys are essential

organs that filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. When bacteria spread to the kidneys, they can

cause inflammation and infection. Symptoms of a kidney infection include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting,

frequent urination, and pain in the lower back or side. If left untreated, a kidney infection can lead to

serious complications, such as kidney damage or sepsis. It is important to seek medical attention if you

suspect a kidney infection. Treatment may include antibiotics and pain medication to manage symptoms.

II. Common Causes of Left Side Pain

Another potential cause of left side pain is gastrointestinal issues, particularly those affecting the colon.

Conditions such as diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease can all cause

discomfort and pain on the left side of the abdomen. Diverticulitis occurs when small, bulging pouches

(diverticula) on the lining of the colon become inflamed or infected, leading to left-sided abdominal pain.

Irritable bowel syndrome involves chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements,

while inflammatory bowel disease includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that

cause chronic inflammation in the digestive tract.

A. Gastric causes

A common gastric cause of left-sided pain is gastritis. Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach

lining due to various factors such as excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged use of nonsteroidal

anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bacterial infection, or autoimmune disorders. The inflammation

causes the stomach to produce less acid than usual, leading to symptoms such as bloating, indigestion,

abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, gastritis can lead to bleeding ulcers or perforation

of the stomach lining, which requires immediate medical attention. Treatment for gastritis involves

identifying and treating the underlying cause, managing symptoms with medication, and making lifestyle

changes such as avoiding irritants and adopting a healthy diet.

1. Peptic ulcer disease

Peptic ulcer disease is a condition that involves the development of open sores in the lining of the stomach

or small intestine. This condition is characterized by pain and discomfort that typically occurs in the

upper abdomen, including the left side. The primary cause of peptic ulcer disease is an infection with the

bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which can also be worsened by the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs (NSAIDs). Common symptoms of this condition include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and

vomiting. Treatment options for peptic ulcer disease typically involve a combination of antibiotics to

eliminate the bacterial infection, and medications to reduce acid production in the stomach.

2. Gastrointestinal reflux disease

Gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) is another common condition that can cause pain on the left

side of your torso. It occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and

inflammation. This painful condition can also cause heartburn, regurgitation of acid, and difficulty swallowing.

Certain lifestyle factors, such as obesity, smoking, and consuming large amounts of fatty or spicy

foods, can increase the risk of developing GERD. Treatment options for GERD include over-the-counter

medications, prescription drugs, and lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, avoiding trigger foods,

and elevating the head of the bed during sleep.

B. Cardiovascular causes

refer to any health conditions that have an impact on the heart and blood vessels. One of the most

common causes of pain on the left side is a heart attack, which usually presents with a crushing or

pressure-like sensation in the chest and left arm. Other cardiovascular causes include angina, pericarditis,

aortic dissection, and unstable angina, which can cause severe pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath. It

is important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, particularly

if they are accompanied by sweating, nausea, dizziness, or fainting. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment

are crucial to prevent long-term damage to the heart and arteries.

1. Coronary artery disease

One of the most common causes of left-sided chest pain is coronary artery disease, which occurs when

there is a buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. This buildup can cause the

arteries to narrow, reducing blood flow to the heart muscle and leading to chest pain or discomfort, also

known as angina. In some cases, the plaque can rupture and cause a complete blockage of the artery,

resulting in a heart attack. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include high blood pressure, high

cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease. Treatment may include lifestyle

changes, medications, and/or procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.

2. Pericarditis

Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac-like structure surrounding the heart.

This condition can result in a sharp pain in the left side of the chest, which can sometimes feel like a

heart attack. The most common cause of pericarditis is a viral infection, but it can also be caused by

bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Other symptoms of pericarditis may include fever,

difficulty breathing, coughing, and swelling in the legs or abdomen. Pericarditis can often be treated with

anti-inflammatory medications or antibiotics, but in some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain excess

fluid from around the heart.

C. Musculoskeletal causes

can also contribute to left-sided pain, particularly in the chest area. Costochondritis, inflammation of the

cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone, can cause sharp, stabbing pain on the left side of the

chest. Muscle strains or tears in the thoracic region, which includes the upper back and chest, can also

lead to left-sided pain. Poor posture, especially when working at a desk or driving for long periods, can

cause muscular imbalances and strains, resulting in discomfort on the left side. Additionally, trauma or

injury to the left shoulder or arm can cause referred pain to the chest area.

1. Rib fracture

A rib fracture occurs when one or more ribs in the chest are broken or cracked from an impact or trauma.

Symptoms of a rib fracture include pain in the affected area, difficulty breathing, and swelling or bruising.

Treatment for a rib fracture typically involves pain management to help reduce discomfort, as well as rest

and immobilization to allow the fracture to heal on its own. In more severe cases, surgery may be required

to realign the broken bones or remove any damaged tissue. It is important to seek medical attention if you

suspect you may have a rib fracture to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

2. Costochondritis

Another condition that may cause left-sided chest pain is costochondritis. This is the inflammation of

the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone. It often causes sharp or dull pain that worsens

with movement or deep breathing, and may also be accompanied by tenderness and swelling around

the affected area. While the exact cause of costochondritis is not known, it is believed to be related to

physical strain or injury, respiratory infections, or even emotional stress. Treatment for costochondritis

typically involves rest, pain medications, and in some cases, physical therapy. In rare cases, surgery may

be required.

D. Pulmonary causes

of left-sided pain can include conditions that affect the lungs, such as pneumonia, pleuritis, and pulmonary

embolism. Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs that can cause pain, cough, and difficulty

breathing. Pleuritis, also known as pleurisy, is inflammation of the lining around the lungs and can cause

sharp pain when breathing or coughing. Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs

and can cause chest pain and shortness of breath. These conditions can be serious and require medical

attention. A doctor may recommend tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, or blood work to diagnose

pulmonary causes of left-sided pain.

1. Pneumothorax

Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and

the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This can be caused by a variety of factors such as a puncture

or injury to the chest wall, lung diseases like emphysema or cystic fibrosis, or even medical procedures

such as insertion of a central line or a lung biopsy. Symptoms of pneumothorax include sudden chest pain,

shortness of breath, and rapid heart rate. Treatment may involve chest tube insertion to remove the excess

air and prevent further collapse of the lung, although surgery may be required in some cases.

2. Pleurisy

Pleurisy is an inflammation of the lining surrounding the lung and chest cavity, known as the pleura. The

pleura consists of two layers, one lining the inner surface of the chest wall and the other covering the lungs.

When the two layers rub against each other during breathing, it can cause pain and discomfort. Pleurisy

can be caused by infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or a viral infection. Other causes include

autoimmune disorders like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, and traumatic injuries to the chest. Treatment

usually involves managing the underlying condition and using pain medication to alleviate symptoms.

Another potential cause of left-sided abdominal pain is diverticulitis. This condition occurs due to

inflammation and infection of the diverticula, which are small pouches that can form in the wall of the

colon. It is more common in older adults and is often associated with a high-fiber diet. Symptoms of

diverticulitis can include left-sided abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and changes in bowel habits. Treatment

typically involves antibiotics and dietary changes, such as avoiding seeds and nuts, and increasing fiber

intake. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected part of the colon.

III. Less Common Causes of Left Side Pain

While there are several common causes of left side pain, there are also some rare and less common

causes that should also be considered. Musculoskeletal disorders like osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, or

lupus can cause pain on the left side of the body. Gastrointestinal issues such as ulcerative colitis,

Crohn's disease, or diverticulitis, may also lead to abdominal pain on the left side. Additionally, cardiac

disorders or conditions like aortic aneurysm, pericarditis, or myocarditis can cause left-sided chest pain

and discomfort. It is important to be aware of all potential causes of left side pain and consult a healthcare

provider for an accurate diagnosis.

A. Pancreatitis

One common cause of left-sided abdominal pain is acute pancreatitis. This condition, which occurs

when the pancreas becomes inflamed, is often triggered by heavy alcohol consumption or gallstones.

Symptoms of pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain that may be felt in the left side, as well as

nausea, vomiting, fever, and rapid heartbeat. In severe cases, pancreatitis can lead to complications such as

respiratory failure, infections, and kidney damage. Treatment for pancreatitis may involve hospitalization,

intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration, pain management, and dietary changes to support a healthy

pancreas. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue from the pancreas.

B. Kidney stones

Kidney stones are a common cause of abdominal pain on the left side. These small, hard mineral deposits

form in the kidneys and can cause intense pain when they pass through the urinary tract. Symptoms of

kidney stones can include pain in the lower back, groin, and abdomen, as well as nausea and vomiting.

Risk factors for developing kidney stones include dehydration, high-sodium diets, obesity, and certain

medical conditions. Treatment for kidney stones may include pain medication, increased fluid intake,

and in some cases, surgical removal. Prevention methods include staying hydrated, consuming a healthy

and balanced diet, and seeking medical treatment for underlying conditions that may contribute to the

formation of kidney stones.

C. Left upper quadrant pain

The left upper quadrant of the abdomen houses a number of important organs such as the stomach, spleen,

and left kidney. Any pain in this region can indicate a problem with these organs or surrounding structures

such as the muscles or bones. Possible causes of left upper quadrant pain include gastroesophageal reflux

disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, gastritis, pancreatitis, spleen enlargement, and kidney problems. In order

to determine the exact cause of left upper quadrant pain, further tests and medical evaluation are necessary.

It is important to seek medical attention if the pain is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms

such as nausea, vomiting, or fever.

D. Splenic infarction

One uncommon but serious cause of left-sided abdominal pain is splenic infarction. This occurs when

there is a blockage of the blood flow to the spleen, leading to tissue damage and pain. Risk factors include

blood disorders, such as sickle cell disease or leukemia, as well as infection and injury to the spleen.

Symptoms may include sharp, severe pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis is typically confirmed

with imaging tests, such as a CT scan. Treatment may involve medications to manage pain and underlying

conditions, as well as, in severe cases, surgery to remove the damaged spleen.

Another possible cause of left-sided pain is a kidney infection. This type of infection can lead to

pain in the back or side, as well as other symptoms like fever, chills, and frequent urination. Kidney

infections typically require medical treatment, including antibiotics and hydration. Ignoring a kidney

infection can lead to serious complications and may cause permanent damage to the kidneys. If you

suspect that you may have a kidney infection, it's important to seek medical attention immediately. Your

healthcare provider can help diagnose the infection and provide appropriate treatment to prevent further

complications.

IV. Diagnosis of Left Side Pain

A thorough physical examination that includes a medical history review and some assessment tests

are the most common diagnostic measures used to identify the underlying cause of left side pain. The

medical professional first attempts to identify the location and severity of the pain. The physician may

then examine the abdomen and palpate the area. If abdominal examination reveals abnormal findings, an

ultrasound scan, CT scan, or MRI may be ordered to produce a more detailed image of the abdominal

organs. Blood and urine tests may also be recommended to detect any abnormality in your blood counts,

electrolyte levels or kidney functions. Related symptoms that may be indicative of a more serious issue

such as sweating, nausea, and vomiting should also be taken into account.

A. Physical examination

A physical examination can provide important clues for the cause of left-sided pain. A thorough examination

of the abdomen, back, and chest can help identify any masses, tenderness, or abnormalities

that may be causing the pain. The doctor may also check vital signs such as blood pressure, heart

rate, and respiratory rate to look for any signs of distress or inflammation. In addition, the doctor may

perform a pelvic exam or a rectal exam to inspect the organs in the lower abdomen. These exams can

help differentiate between pain originating from the abdominal organs and pain originating from the

musculoskeletal system.

B. Imaging techniques

such as ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, and X-rays are essential tools used by medical professionals to identify

the root cause of pain on the left side. Ultrasound is useful for evaluating organs such as the kidneys,

uterus, ovaries, and bladder. CT scans are effective for examining the lymph nodes, blood vessels, and

bones. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is better for evaluating soft tissue structures like the spinal

cord, brain, and internal organs such as the liver and pancreas. Finally, X-rays are effective for identifying

bone-related conditions like fractures, tumors, and arthritis. These imaging techniques play an important

role in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that may cause left-side pain.

C. Laboratory tests

may also be used to diagnose the cause of pain on the left side. Blood tests can check for abnormalities

in levels of red and white blood cells, as well as liver and kidney function. Additionally, a urinalysis can

determine if there is an infection or other issue with the urinary tract. Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT

scans, and MRIs, may also be used to identify any abnormalities or injuries in the area. These tests can

provide valuable information for doctors to determine the best course of action for treating the pain.

Possible paragraph:

Another possible cause of left-sided pain is a condition affecting the digestive system, such as gastritis,

peptic ulcer, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). These disorders can cause discomfort in the

upper abdomen and chest, which may radiate to the left side of the body or the back. Gastritis refers to

inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be caused by infection, medication, alcohol, or stress.

Peptic ulcer refers to a sore or hole in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacteria

or anti-inflammatory drugs. GERD refers to a condition in which the stomach acid flows back into the

esophagus, causing irritation and pain. These conditions can be diagnosed by a doctor through physical

exams, imaging tests, or endoscopy, and treated with medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

V. Treatment for Left Side Pain

Once the underlying cause of left side pain has been identified by a medical professional, treatment options

can be explored. Depending on the severity of the condition and the individual patient, treatment options

may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these methods. Pain relievers like

ibuprofen or acetaminophen may be recommended to manage acute pain, while more chronic conditions

such as left-sided abdominal or chest pain may require a more specialized approach such as surgery.

Physical therapy may be recommended to help improve range of motion and strengthen the affected

area, and lifestyle changes such as dietary modifications or stress reduction techniques may also be

recommended to prevent future episodes of left side pain.

A. Medications

Another potential cause of left-sided pain could be the use of certain medications. Pain in the abdomen and

stomach area could be a side effect of certain prescription drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin, steroids, and antibiotics. While these medications are often necessary to treat

various conditions and illnesses, their usage must be carefully monitored by healthcare professionals to

avoid any harmful side effects. Additionally, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, such as ibuprofen or

naproxen, can also cause stomach pain, especially if taken in large quantities or for extended periods.

Therefore, it is always best to consult with a doctor or pharmacist before taking any medication, both

prescribed and OTC.

B. Surgery

is often necessary to resolve issues causing pain on the left side of the body. In some cases, surgery may be

needed to remove tumors, repair hernias, or treat inflammatory bowel disease. Laparoscopy, a minimally

invasive surgical technique, may be used to view and treat abdominal organs. Thoracoscopy may also be

used to examine and treat lung or pleural problems. In some cases, surgery may not be able to completely

resolve the underlying issue causing left-side pain, such as in the case of chronic pain syndromes. In these

situations, a multidisciplinary approach involving medications, physical therapy, and alternative therapies

may be implemented.

C. Lifestyle changes

In order to alleviate pain on the left side of the body, an individual may have to make significant lifestyle

changes. These changes may include engaging in regular physical activity, reducing stress levels, and

adopting a healthy diet. Physical activity not only helps to strengthen the body's muscles and reduce the

risk of injury, but also releases feel-good hormones that can reduce the perception of pain. Managing stress

levels through relaxation techniques such as meditation and Yoga can also reduce pain by helping to ease

tension throughout the body. Additionally, consuming anti-inflammatory foods such as fruits, vegetables,

and whole grains can help to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain.

One possible cause for pain on the left side of the body is a condition known as diverticulitis. This occurs

when small pouches, called diverticula, form on the lining of the colon and become inflamed or infected.

Symptoms of diverticulitis can include left-sided abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and changes in bowel

habits. Treatment for this condition often involves antibiotics and a modified diet to promote healing and

prevent further complications. However, in some cases, diverticulitis may require surgery to remove a

portion of the colon. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing left-sided pain and other

symptoms.

VI. Prevention of Left Side Pain

To prevent left side pain, one must ensure that they maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes regular

exercise and a balanced diet. Proper posture is also essential in preventing pain on the left side. It is

important to avoid repetitive movements or motions that can irritate the left side of your body, such as

twisting or bending. Engaging in activities that promote relaxation, such as yoga or meditation, can also

aid in preventing left side pain. If you work in an office, taking regular breaks and stretching can help avoid

stiffness and discomfort. It is crucial to also consult a healthcare professional to address any underlying

health issues that may be causing left side pain.

A. Good hygiene habits

In addition to the causes previously mentioned, there are also other factors that may contribute to pain

on the left side of the body. One such factor is poor hygiene habits, which can result in infections that

lead to pain. This can happen when individuals fail to properly wash their hands, for example, and then

touch their face or mouth, introducing bacteria into the body. Poor dental hygiene may also contribute to

infections that cause pain on the left side of the face or jaw. Therefore, it is important to maintain good

hygiene habits in order to prevent these types of painful infections from occurring.

B. Diet alterations

can also help alleviate pain on the left side of the body. Increasing fiber intake can aid digestion and

prevent constipation, which can cause discomfort in the left abdomen. Eating smaller, more frequent

meals throughout the day can also prevent bloating and gas buildup that can contribute to pain. It is also

helpful to avoid foods that are known to irritate the digestive system, such as spicy or fatty foods. Keeping

a food diary can help identify trigger foods and make it easier to maintain a healthier diet. Working with

a registered dietitian can provide customized recommendations for a pain-fighting diet.

C. Exercise regimen

When it comes to preventing pain on your left side, exercise can be a key factor. However, it's important to

approach your exercise regimen with caution. Start slowly and gradually increase intensity as your body

adapts. Keep in mind that not all exercises are created equal in terms of targeting the obliques, which are

the muscles on your side. Oblique-targeting exercises such as side planks, Russian twists, and bicycle

crunches are particularly effective for strengthening these muscles. Incorporating regular stretching and

rest days into your routine can also help prevent overuse injuries that can cause pain on your left side.

One possible cause of pain on the left side could be an underlying issue with the digestive system.

Indigestion or inflammation of the stomach lining can result in discomfort and pain located on the left

side of the abdomen. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is another digestive condition that may provoke

pain on the left side, along with constipation, diarrhea, or bloating. Additionally, urinary tract infections

or kidney stones can also cause sharp pain on the left side, making it vital to seek medical attention if the

pain is severe or prolonged.

VII. Conclusion

In conclusion, pain experienced on the left side of the body can have multiple causes, ranging from mild

to severe conditions. However, timely diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce the severity and

relieve the discomfort. Patients are highly advised to seek medical attention if they experience persistent

or sudden pain on the left side of their body. Additionally, it is crucial to maintain a healthy lifestyle that

involves regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management techniques to prevent the recurrence

of potential health problems. Overall, it is crucial to prioritize health and wellbeing, taking appropriate

measures to address health concerns promptly.

A. Summarize the main points of the essay

In paragraph 42 of the essay 'What would cause pain on your left side?', the author summarizes the main

points that have been discussed. Firstly, they note that pain on the left side can be caused by a myriad of

factors, ranging from internal organ issues such as kidney or spleen problems to muscular issues. They go

on to explain the different types of pain that one might experience and how to differentiate between them.

Finally, the author stresses the importance of seeking medical attention if the pain persists or worsens, as

it can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition.

B. Reiterate the importance of identifying the cause of pain on the left side

Identifying the cause of pain on the left side is crucial for successful treatment and management of

symptoms. Left-sided pain can indicate a wide range of conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders,

musculoskeletal problems, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory disorders. Ignoring or misdiagnosing

the root cause of pain can lead to unnecessary suffering and even life-threatening complications.

Therefore, healthcare providers should conduct a comprehensive physical examination, including medical

history, diagnostic tests, and imaging studies, to identify the underlying cause of left-sided pain. Moreover,

patients should report any new or persistent symptoms promptly to their healthcare providers and actively

participate in their treatment plan to achieve optimal outcomes.

C. Provide a call-to-action for people experiencing left side pain to seek medical attention.

If you are experiencing pain on your left side, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. Various

factors such as injury, infection, and underlying medical conditions might be responsible for the pain.

Seeking medical attention not only helps to identify the root cause of the pain but also enables timely

intervention, leading to a better prognosis and outcome. Neglecting the pain may lead to complications,

affecting your overall health and causing further harm. Therefore, if you experience any left side pain,

do not ignore it. Instead, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider and get it evaluated to

ensure proper treatment.

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